Publications

Books

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Eiseman, Charley. 2022. Leafminers of North America, Second Edition. Self-published e-book. clxvii+2213 pp.

This book consists of 34 PDF files. For further details, including purchase options, click the image at left (also see below for options to purchase together with Tracks & Sign of Insects and Other Invertebrates).

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Eiseman, Charley and Noah Charney. 2010. Tracks & Sign of Insects and Other Invertebrates. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. 582 pp.

Winner of the National Outdoor Book Award and the Choice Magazine academic book award.

This book is a paperback measuring 8.25″ by 5.5″ by 1″ (21 cm by 14 cm by 2.6 cm). It covers eggs and egg cases; pupae and exuviae; parasitism, predation, and other causes of death; sign on vertebrates; droppings and secretions; webs and other silken constructions; cocoons, coverings, cases, retreats, and nests; sign on algae, fungi, and plants (including leaf mines; leaf shelters; galls; sign on twigs, stems, and stemlike structures; and sign on and in wood); sign on rocks and shells; and burrows, mounds, tracks, and trails.

Prices below for Tracks & Sign of Insects include shipping, with different prices for the USA, Canada, and other countries, as well as special prices for purchasing it together with the Leafminers of North America e-book. To order multiple copies of Tracks & Sign of Insects or to pay by check, please email me at [email protected].

Note: this dropdown menu has stopped displaying properly, for no apparent reason. Instead of using the “Buy now” button below, you can determine the correct price for your purchase using the list below, and then enter that price at this link. In the “What’s this for?” box, please indicate what you are purchasing (e.g. “Tracks & Sign book”) and include your mailing address. Thanks! 



Book purchase options


Book chapters

Pohl, Gregory R. and Stephen R. Nanz (eds.). 2023. Annotated Taxonomic Checklist of the Lepidoptera of North America, North of Mexico. Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, 580 pp. (I wrote the section on Bucculatricidae; coauthored the section on Gracillariidae with Don Davis; coauthored the sections on Nepticulidae, Opostegidae, and Tischeriidae with Erik van Nieukerken; and coauthored the section on Heliozelidae with Erik van Nieukerken and Don Davis. This book can be purchased here.)

Articles in peer-reviewed journals

Links are included for open-access publications. If you would like a PDF of any of the others, feel free to email me (most are also available on ResearchGate).

Eiseman, Charles S., Flown Kimmerling, and Tracy S. Feldman. 2024. New larval host records for three species of leaf-mining weevils in the eastern USA (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Curculioninae), with a review of hosts and larval habits for the genus Tachygonus Schönherr. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 126(2): 247–253.

Eiseman, Charles S., Tracy S. Feldman, Swarnalatha Moparthi, and Matthew A. Bertone. 2024. Investigation of possible cryptic species within Orchestes mixtus Blatchley and O. pallicornis Say (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Curculioninae: Rhamphini) using DNA barcoding. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 126(2): 243–246.

Eiseman, Charles S. 2024. First record of leafmining in Pyraustinae (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in North America. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 126(2): 238–242.

Eiseman, Charles S. and John van der Linden. 2024. New rearing records of Drosophilidae (Diptera: Ephydroidea) from plant tissue. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 126(2): 172–182.

Eiseman, Charles S. and Tracy S. Feldman. 2024. New records of leafmining in Tortricidae (Lepidoptera). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 126(2): 161–171.

Hough, Karissa E., Charles S. Eiseman, Stephane Perreault, Hugh McGuinness, Russell L. Burke, and Fernando E. Nieto-Fernandez. 2024. Survey of leafminers on American Chestnut and other Castanea (Fagales: Fagaceae) on Long Island, NY. Environmental Entomology 53(4): 659–664 (full article).

Eiseman, Charles S. 2024. New rearing records of Lepidoptera from wild sarsaparilla (Araliaceae: Aralia nudicaulis L.), with a review of species reported from Nearctic Aralia spp. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 125(4) [2023]: 471–492.

Eiseman, Charles S. 2024. On the identities of some distinctive, suspended spider egg sacs (Araneae: Liocranidae, Tetragnathidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 125(2) [2023]: 278–284.

Eiseman, Charles S. 2024. Procecidochares atra Loew (Tephritidae) and Rhopalomyia capitata Felt (Cecidomyiidae) (Diptera) reared from single-chambered rosette galls on rough-stemmed goldenrod (Asteraceae: Solidago rugosa). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 125(2) [2023]: 273–277.

Eiseman, Charles S. 2024. On the hosts and larval habits of Framinghamia helvalis (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 125(2) [2023]: 268–272.

Eiseman, Charles S. 2024. New names for Nearctic species of Euura Newman (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 125(2) [2023]: 264–267.

Eiseman, Charles S., Allen L. Norrbom, Spencer Len Pote, Bruce D. Sutton, and Gary J. Steck. 2024. A review of the leaf-mining fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) of Canada and the USA, with new host plant and distribution records. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 125(2) [2023]: 210–233.

Eiseman, Charles S., David R. Smith, and Tracy S. Feldman. 2023. Distinguishing larvae and prepupae of the two buttonbush-feeding sawflies (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae: Pseudosiobla Ashmead). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 125(1): 195–200.

Eiseman, Charles S. and David R. Smith. 2023. A review of Nearctic Empria Lepeletier and Taxonus Hartig species (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae: Allantinae) feeding on rosaceous herbs and shrubs with two species newly reported from Geum L. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 125(1): 68–76.

Eiseman, Charles S., Armin Namayandeh, John van der Linden, and Michael W. Palmer. 2023. Metriocnemus erythranthei sp. nov. and Limnophyes viribus sp. nov. (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae): leafminers of monkeyflowers, speedwells, and other herbaceous plants, with new observations on the ecology and habitats of other leaf-mining Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5249(1): 41–68.

Xuan, Jing-Li, Sonja J. Scheffer, Owen Lonsdale, Brian K. Cassel, Matthew L. Lewis, Charles S. Eiseman, Wan-Xue Liu, and Brian M. Wiegmann. 2023. A genome-wide phylogeny and the diversification of genus Liriomyza (Diptera: Agromyzidae) inferred from anchored phylogenomics. Systematic Entomology 48: 178–197. (full article)

Eiseman, Charles S. and Julia A. Blyth. 2022. Nantucket’s neglected herbivores II: Diptera. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 124(3): 564–605.

Eiseman, Charles S., David R. Smith, and Peter Woods. 2022. Nearctic “slug” sawfly larvae of the genus Caliroa Costa (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae): new rearing records and a summary of hosts, descriptions, and distribution records. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 124(2): 225–244.

Eiseman, Charles S. and Julia A. Blyth. 2022. Nantucket’s neglected herbivores I: Coleoptera. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 124(2): 202–224.

Chen, Taibin, Xiaohua Dai, and Charles Eiseman. 2022. A checklist of gymnosperm-feeding leafminers (Arthopoda, Insecta) in North America and Europe. Biodiversity Data Journal 10: e91313. (full article)

Eiseman, Charles S. and Owen Lonsdale. 2022. First North American record of Phytomyza origani Hering (Diptera: Agromyzidae), a leafminer of cultivated herbs in the mint family (Lamiaceae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 124(1): 177–183.

Eiseman, Charles S. 2022. New rearing records reveal Phytosciara greylockensis Eiseman, Heller, and Rulik (Diptera: Sciaridae) is a polyphagous leafminer of herbaceous plants. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 124(1): 174–176.

Eiseman, Charles S., David R. Smith, Bill Sheehan, and Tracy S. Feldman. 2022. Macrophya Dahlbom spp. (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) feeding on Asteraceae. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 124(1): 39–45.

Eiseman, Charles S. and David R. Smith. 2022. A review of the Nearctic fern-feeding sawflies (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidoidea), with new host records and larval descriptions. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 124(1): 18–38.

Eiseman, Charles S. 2022. New rearing records and observations of weevils with folivorous larvae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 123(4): 727–740.

Eiseman, Charles S. 2021. Minettia Robineau-Desvoidy spp. (Diptera: Lauxaniidae) as secondary invaders in leaf mines of other insects. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 123(3): 669–672.

Martel, Véronique, Olivier Morin, Spencer K. Monckton, Charles S. Eiseman, Catherine Béliveau, Michel Cusson, and Stephan M. Blank. 2021. Elm zigzag sawfly, Aproceros leucopoda (Hymenoptera: Argidae), recorded for the first time in North America through community science. The Canadian Entomologist 154: 1–18. (full article)

Lonsdale, Owen and Charles S. Eiseman. 2021. What makes a ‘good’ genus? Reconsideration of Chromatomyia Hardy (Diptera, Agromyzidae). Dipterists Digest 28: 221–249.

Eiseman, Charles S. 2021. A review of North American records of Lepidoptera from Gaultheria Kalm Ex L. (Ericaceae), including three species newly reported from wintergreen (G. procumbens L.). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 123(2): 289–299.

Eiseman, Charles S., Owen Lonsdale, John van der Linden, Tracy S. Feldman, and Michael W. Palmer. 2021. Thirteen new species of Agromyzidae (Diptera) from the United States, with new host and distribution records for 32 additional species. Zootaxa 4931(1): 1–68.

Eiseman, Charles S., David R. Smith, and Virginia C. White. 2020. The Mock Orange Sawfly: Haymatus blassus Smith (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) defoliating Philadelphus spp. (Hydrangeaceae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 122(4): 1007–1010.

Nieukerken, Erik J. van and Charles S. Eiseman. 2020. Splitting the leafmining shield-bearer moth genus Antispila Hübner (Lepidoptera, Heliozelidae): North American species with reduced venation placed in Aspilanta new genus, with a review of heliozelid morphology. ZooKeys 957: 105–161. (full article)

Eiseman, Charles S. 2020. Further Nearctic rearing records for phytophagous muscoid flies (Diptera: Anthomyiidae, Scathophagidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 122(3): 595–603.

Eiseman, Charles S. and David R. Smith. 2020. New sawfly (Hymenoptera: Argidae, Tenthredinidae) host records from northeastern North America. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 122(2): 299–307.

Eiseman, Charles S. and Donald R. Davis. 2020. Wrong side of the leaf: assigning some Lithocolletinae species (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) to their proper genera. Zootaxa 4751(2): 201–237.

Eiseman, Charles S., Kyhl A. Austin, Julia A. Blyth, and Tracy S. Feldman. 2020. New records of leaf-mining Tortricidae (Lepidoptera) in North America, with the description of a new species of Grapholita. Zootaxa 4748(3): 514–530.

Charney, Noah D., Jacob E. Kubel, Craig T. Woodard, Blanca I. Carbajal-González, Samantha Avis, Julia A. Blyth, Charles S. Eiseman, John Castorino, and John H. Malone. 2019. Survival of polyploid hybrid salamander embryos. BMC Developmental Biology 19(21): 1–15. (full article)

Eiseman, Charles S. and Owen Lonsdale. 2019. New state and host records for Agromyzidae (Diptera) in the United States, with the description of ten new species. Zootaxa 4661: 1–39.

Eiseman, Charles S. and Tadeusz Zatwarnicki. 2019. First Nearctic record of Hydrellia albilabris (Meigen) (Diptera: Ephydridae), a leafminer of duckweed (Araceae: Lemnoideae), with comments on related species. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 121(2): 160–167.

Charney, Noah D., Jacob E. Kubel, Charles S. Eiseman, Julia A. Blyth, John Castorino, and John H. Malone. 2019. Distinguishing egg masses of unisexual and Jefferson salamanders. Herpetological Conservation and Biology 14(1): 250–260. (full article)

Eiseman, Charles S., Owen Lonsdale, and Tracy S. Feldman. 2019. Nine new species of Agromyzidae from North Carolina, USA, with new host and distribution records for additional species. Zootaxa 4571(3): 301–333.

Eiseman, Charles S. and David R. Smith. 2019. Prolatus artus Smith (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae), a leafminer of Dichelostemma capitatum (Benth.) Alph. Wood (Asparagaceae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 121(1): 115–118.

Eiseman, Charles S. 2019. A review of natural history data for Nearctic Epermenia Hübner (Lepidoptera: Epermeniidae), with the first account of the larval habits of E. albapunctella Busck. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 121(1): 107–114.

Eiseman, Charles S. and Owen Lonsdale. 2018. New state and host records for Agromyzidae (Diptera) in the United States, with the description of thirty new species. Zootaxa  4479: 1–156.

Nieukerken, Erik J. van, Daniel Owen Gilrein, and Charles S. Eiseman. 2018. Stigmella multispicata Rocienė & Stonis, an Asian leafminer on Siberian elm, now widespread in eastern North America (Lepidoptera, Nepticulidae). ZooKeys 784: 95–125. (full article)

Eiseman, Charles S. 2018. Larval habits of Batrachedra concitata Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Batrachedridae), a leafminer of Agave (Asparagaceae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 120(3): 642–647.

Eiseman, Charles S., Kai Heller, and Björn Rulik. 2018. A new dark-winged fungus gnat (Diptera: Sciaridae) mining leaves of Clintonia borealis (Aiton) Raf. (Liliaceae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 120(3): 500–507.

Eiseman, Charles S. 2018. A new host plant and parasitoid record for the snapdragon plume moth (Stenoptilodes antirrhina (Lange)), with a summary of records of leafmining in Pterophoridae (Lepidoptera). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 120(2): 452–457.

Eiseman, Charles S. 2018. New rearing records for muscoid leafminers (Diptera: Anthomyiidae, Scathophagidae) in the United States. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 120(1): 25–50.

Eiseman, Charles S. and Donald R. Davis. 2017. A new species of Macrosaccus (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae: Lithocolletinae) from Arizona, USA. Zootaxa 4358(2): 385–392.

Buhl, Peter N. and Charles S. Eiseman. 2017. Host records of five species of Platygastrinae (Hymenoptera, Platygastroidea: Platygastridae) from the United States, with the description of two new species of Platygaster. International Journal of Environmental Studies 75(3): 395–404.

Eiseman, Charles S. and David R. Smith. 2017. Nearctic Species of Metallus Forbes (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae): Biology and Distribution. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 119(4): 551–564.

Eiseman, Charles S., Donald R. Davis, Julia A. Blyth, David L. Wagner, Michael W. Palmer, and Tracy S. Feldman. 2017. A new species of Marmara (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae: Marmarinae), with an annotated list of known hostplants for the genus. Zootaxa 4337(2): 198–222.

Smith, David R., Julia A. Blyth, and Charles S. Eiseman. 2017. Nematus appalachia Smith (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) feeding on Fagus grandifolia (Fagaceae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 119(3): 518–519.

Smith, David R. and Charles S. Eiseman. 2017. A new species of Fenusa (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) mining leaves of Rosa woodsii Lindl. (Rosaceae) in North America. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 119(2): 233–238.

Eiseman, Charles S., David R. Smith, and Mark J. Leoschke. 2017. Host, larva, and life history notes for Macrophya nigra (Norton) (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 119(1): 142–145.

Eiseman, Charles S., Tracy S. Feldman, Eric F. LoPresti, and Michael W. Palmer. 2017. First North American records of Porphyrosela minuta Clarke (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), with notes on its native congener, P. desmodiella (Clemens). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 119(1): 18–23.

Eiseman, Charles S., Kai Heller, and Björn Rulik. 2016. A new leaf-mining dark-winged fungus gnat (Diptera: Sciaridae), with notes on other insect associates of marsh marigold (Ranunculaceae: Caltha palustris). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 118(4): 519–532.

Eiseman, Charles S. 2016. North American leafminers (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae, Momphidae) on the evening primrose family (Onagraceae): new host, parasitoid, and distributional records. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 118(4): 510–518.

Buhl, Peter N. and Charles S. Eiseman. 2016. Three new reared species of Platygaster (Hymenoptera, Platygastroidea: Platygastridae) from the United States. International Journal of Environmental Studies 73(6): 1006–1015.

Hespenheide, Henry A. and Charles S. Eiseman. 2016. A new species of Brachys Dejean, 1833 (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) from the eastern United States using an unusual host. The Coleopterists Bulletin 70(2): 335–340.

Eiseman, Charles S. 2016. Notes on the larval hosts and habits of some North American Eriocraniidae and Acanthopteroctetidae. Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society 70(1): 79–81.

Hartop, Emily A., Maria A. Wong, and Charles S. Eiseman. 2016. A new species of Megaselia Rondani (Diptera: Phoridae) from the BioSCAN Project in Los Angeles, California, with clarification of confused type series for two other species. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 118(1): 93–100.

Eiseman, Charles S. and Emily A. Hartop. 2015. A new species of Megaselia Rondani (Diptera: Phoridae) reared from a Macrodiplosis Kieffer (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) gall on black oak. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 117(4): 463–466.

Eiseman, Charles S. 2015. Notes on leaf-mining Chrysomelidae (Coleoptera) in New England. The Coleopterists Bulletin 69(3): 453–458.

Eiseman, Charles S., Julia A. Blyth, and David R. Smith. 2015. Notes on four anemone-feeding insects in the eastern United States (Diptera: Agromyzidae; Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae; Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 117(3): 281–289.

Eiseman, Charles S. 2015. Oenothera pilosella (Onagraceae): First larval host record for Dietzella zimmermanni (Gyllenhal) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Ceutorhynchinae) and Altica pedipallida Lesage (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae: Alticini). The Coleopterists Bulletin 69(2): 202–204.

Eiseman, Charles S. and Andrew S. Jensen. 2015. Insects feeding on sea lavender (Plumbaginaceae: Limonium carolinianum [Walt.] Britt) along the New England coast. Entomological News 124(5): 364–369.

Smith, David R. and Charles S. Eiseman. 2015. The violet leafmining sawfly, Nefusa ambigua (Norton) (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae): distribution, hosts, larva, life history notes. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 117(1): 70–72.

Eiseman, Charles S. 2015. On the distinctive feeding pattern of Sterictiphora Billberg (Hymenoptera: Argidae) sawfly larvae. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 117(1): 65–67.

Smith, David R., Charles S. Eiseman, Noah D. Charney, and Sydne Record. 2015. A new Nearctic Scolioneura (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae) mining leaves of Vaccinium (Ericaceae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 43: 1–8. (full article)

Charney, Noah D., Jacob E. Kubel, and Charles S. Eiseman. 2015. Temporally adaptive sampling: a case study in rare species survey design with marbled salamanders (Ambystoma opacum). PLoS ONE 10(3): e0120714. (full article)

Eiseman, Charles S. 2014. New host and distributional record for Dichroram­pha incanana (Clemens, 1860) (Tortricidae: Olethreutinae). Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society 68(4): 295–296.

Eiseman, Charles S. 2014. New host records and other notes on North American leaf-mining Chrysomelidae (Coleoptera). The Coleopterists Bulletin 68(3): 351–359.

Eiseman, Charles S. 2014. Notes on the larval habits and parasitoids of Rhopobota dietziana (Kearfott, 1907) (Tortricidae: Olethreutinae). Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society 68(3): 218–220.

Eiseman, Charles S. 2014. Orchestomerus wickhami Dietz (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Ceutorhynchinae) reared from leaf mines in Virginia Creeper (Parthenocissus Planch., Vitaceae). The Coleopterists Bulletin 68(1): 158–160.

Popular articles

Eiseman, Charley. 2022. Notes on some Rhode Island leafminers. Rhode Island Naturalist 17(2): 1–2, 4–5.

Eiseman, Charley. 2022. The daylily leafminer. The Daylily Journal 76(4): 18–19.

Eiseman, Charles S. 2021. Gelechioid leafminers. I.N.G.A. 10: 17–22.

Eiseman, Charley. 2021. A Kentucky micro-moth mystery. The Kentucky Lepidopterist 47(1): 21–22.

Eiseman, Charley. 2015. Buffaloberry miners. VES News 87: 9–10.  [note: the adult moth labeled as Coleophora elaeagnisella is actually Gnorimoschema shepherdiae]

Eiseman, Charley. 2013. “‘Finicky’ feeders: specialized insects all around us.” Wild Ones 26(2): 1–10.

Eiseman, Charley. 2013. “‘Finicky’ insects: specialized feeders all around us.” In Michael Dover, Caroline Hanna and Rebecca Reid (eds.): Earth Matters: Essays on the Nature of the Pioneer Valley. Amherst, MA: Levellers Press.

Eiseman, Charley. 2006. “Lessons from a bobcat’s trail.” Natural New England 28: 52–55.

Published photographs

(I stopped keeping track of these. There are many others…)

Lonsdale, Owen. 2014. Redefinition and synonymy of genera in the Ophiomyia genus group, with the description of Euhexomyza new genus (Diptera: Agromyzidae). Canadian Entomologist 146:481-513. [photos related to this post]

Saguez, J., C. Olivier, A. Hamilton, T. Lowery, L. Stobbs, J. Lasnier, B. Galka, X. Chen, Y. Mauffette, and C. Vincent. 2014. Diversity and abundance of leafhoppers in Canadian vineyards. Journal of Insect Science 14(73).  Available online:
http://www.insectscience.org/14.73 [photo of a leafhopper]

Evans, Arthur V. 2014. Beetles of Eastern North America. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 560 pp. [14 beetle photos]

Van Driesche, R. G., J. H. LaForest, C. T. Bargeron, R. C. Reardon, and M. Herlihy. 2013. Forest Pest Insects in North America: A Photographic Guide. FHTET-2012-02. [photo of a beetle]

André, H. M. and J. K. N’Dri. 2012. Bréviaire de taxonomie des acariens. Abc Taxa 13:1-186.  [photo of a mite]

Jones, M. and L. Willey. 2012. Eastern Alpine Guide: Ecology, Conservation, and Recreation Above Treeline in Eastern North America. Burlington, VT: Huntington Graphics. 348 pp. [photos of various flora and fauna scattered throughout]

Voolma, Kaljo. 2011. „Kukehari” künnapuulehel ja teised jalaka pahktäid. Eesti Loodus. [photo of an aphid]

National Park Service. 2006. Appalachian Trail Vital Signs. [all of the bird photos]